"Thus for example, psychoanalysis does not entertain the possibility of transcendent states of consciousness and hence has tended to interpret these from its own perspective as being pathological ego regressions of near psychotic proportions. Thus, mystical experiences have been interpreted as ' neurotic regressions to union with the breast', ecstatic states viewed as 'narcissistic neurosis,' and enlightenment dismissed as regression to intrauterine stages.
Transpersonal psychology emerged in the sixties in response to a concern that the previous major models, the first three forces of Western psychology - behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and humanistic psychology - had been limited in their recognition of the upper reaches of psychological development.
As Gordon Allport noted, ' We have on the psychology of liberation-nothing.'
Toward the end of his life, Abraham Maslow, one of the major pioneers in humanistic psychology, called attention to possibilities beyond self-actualization in which the individual transcended the customary limits of identity and experience. In 1968 he concluded that, " I consider Humanistic, Third Force Psychology, to be transitional, a preparation for a still 'higher' Fourth Psychology, transpersonal, transhuman, centered in the cosmos rather than in human needs and interest, going beyond humanness, identity, self actualization and the like."
(Από το βιβλίο των Roger N. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D. και Frances Vaughan, Ph.D., "Beyond Ego, Transpersonal Dimensions in Psychology")
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